{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Hello Jupyter Notebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello suesser\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('hello suesser')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(5):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# BlahBlah"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 217,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Person:\n",
    "    def __init__(self, firstname, lastname, svnr):\n",
    "        print('Person: self:', id(self))\n",
    "        self.firstname = firstname\n",
    "        self.lastname = lastname\n",
    "        self.svnr = svnr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 218,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Person: self: 140616191009600\n",
      "joerg: 140616191009600\n",
      "Person: self: 140616191012720\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "joerg = Person('Joerg', 'Faschingbauer', '1037190666')\n",
    "print('joerg:', id(joerg))\n",
    "caro = Person('Caro', 'Faschingbauer', '1234250497')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "__main__.Person"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(joerg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Joerg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "joerg.firstname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Person:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "__main__.Person"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(joerg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Joerg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "joerg.firstname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "nothing = Person()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'AttributeError'> 'Person' object has no attribute 'firstname'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    nothing.firstname\n",
    "except Exception as e:\n",
    "    print(type(e), e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "__main__.Person"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(joerg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "i = 666"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "type"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(Person)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "666"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = int('666')\n",
    "i"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'abc'\n",
    "type(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'42'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = str(42)\n",
    "print(repr(s))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Syntax etc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Docstrings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def add(a, b):\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    This extremely complex algorithm uses an approximation to ...\n",
    "    ... and takes parameters a, b ...\n",
    "    The value of the function call expression is the sum of the parameters a and b.\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    return a+b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = add(1, 2)\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<function __main__.add(a, b)>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "add"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'\\n    This extremely complex algorithm uses an approximation to ...\\n    ... and takes parameters a, b ...\\n    The value of the function call expression is the sum of the parameters a and b.\\n    '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "add.__doc__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on function add in module __main__:\n",
      "\n",
      "add(a, b)\n",
      "    This extremely complex algorithm uses an approximation to ...\n",
      "    ... and takes parameters a, b ...\n",
      "    The value of the function call expression is the sum of the parameters a and b.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(add)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 42"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140116274372176"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'0x7f6f5cc2de50'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hex(id(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b = a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'0x7f6f5cc2de50'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hex(id(b))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a += 7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'0x7f6f5cc2df30'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hex(id(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Datatypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "i = 2**64 - 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "18446744073709551615"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "18446744073709551617"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1267650600228229401496703205376"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2**100"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9990020930143845079440327643300335909804291390541816917715292738631458324642573483274873313324496504031643944455558549300187996607656176562908471354247492875198889629873671093246350427373112479265800278531241088737085605287228390164568691026850675923517914697052857644696801524832345475543250292786520806957770971741102232042976351205330777996897925116619870771785775955521720081320295204617949229259295623920965797873558158667525495797313144806249260261837941305080582686031535134178739622834990886357758062104606636372130587795322344972010808486369541401835851359858035603574021872908155566580607186461268972839794621842267579349638893357247588761959137656762411125020708704870465179396398710109200363934745618090601613377898560296863598558024761448933047052222860131377095958357319485898496404572383875170702242332633436894423297381877733153286944217936125301907868903603663283161502726139934152804071171914923903341874935394455896301292197256417717233543544751552379310892268182402452755752094704642185943862865632744231332084742221551493315002717750064228826211822549349600557457334964678483269180951895955769174509673224417740432840455882109137905375646772139976621785265057169854834562487518322383250318645505472114369934167981678170255122812978065194806295405339154657479941297499190348507544336414505631657396006693382427316434039580121280260984212247514207834712224831410304068603719640161855741656439472253464945249700314509890093162268952744428705476425472253167514521182231455388374308232642200633025137533129365164341725206256155311794738619142904761445654927128418175183531327052975495370561438239573227939673030106077456848477427832195349227983836436163764742969545906672369124136325932123335643135894465219101882123829740907916386023235450959388766736403229577993901152154448003637215069115591111996001530589107729421032230424262035693493216052927569625858445822354594645276923108197305806280326516736449343761732409753342333289730282959173569273013286423311759605230495171677033163709522256952460402143387655197644016528148022348331881097559421960476479388520198541017348985948511005469246617234143135309938405923268953586538886974427008607028635502085562029549352480050796521564919683265106744100967822951954161617717542997520009887307377876210685890770969411610438028623950445323789591870760289260393489826100774887672852918106468489143893649064784591211612193300707900537059042188012856559403699070888032966871611655961232331998310923225082866180321880439447572986762096935819784385927969250123326935194693207724335527365566248223787833888074999276831633440318604463618703789784313032843823470410944306591471928341190975185239212327674384990561563688432939039442002617530976850605132937101449086396141620556053547335569926700941375271829142407234267937565069765567475934101310225342830080409079587329544213551307302050171598424230760469209732907290141606353960880559202357376885647852240092777111489134492416995607171786298436533978180869474106751111353523711540436599310889697485658800887861974934357929246204051767246012250618404011966289872673803070498361217974484679100747846356194664829224736134115135567179291781968056053726484141128347858241259121954601184412409349782963317042002530418661694962318735860652485410222211869544223788289189712080514575141361964805369723164570564998479537657174548128597406077339158775332355215609435919275199351014222246963017013717419337504919295363295101115292951836282819191821651676455946515828048984256116748150367805267878662716999649296949377045794876146628110929982020737013330324451005385378551188803474148198665114579322684900993000236736168555294173442059925371965244997925483159343706343970371809611470323074186985035054722289027174850333368328300281132910841693150457389933183934593292994942796015309756118708918929528449074243284767006243171171622731766606796101967802204564589015899524704741001158110963633731329388356868949408759334176909387806398584647300588928175998844477486130063153068760070084837267527789777356830042778902772105683833021470279728595336332110564064263909724579949686162908019604141753935768876587992428549912151737924270343248648414247456838889541893241450987505759403013249697541696955330296880219304874163501097920036210238768275176369980977614979636096704348140124130683576879904997436596296495705459524735382000363770324894982103331332913562315169854410415317054193928234723398848453552173203688088312100943941434938282203549650281530751087098604681224802973825631244989331965296202372608586509050307993308652001231671915182765742095689513136184095412121473786311042897717861448158316965848766949554826252504961227044714712229620274682362909803877469376987358942125441792355298387479830450253909788733469732603097544156474805473732732767248652759034995336354126953900458854988683574927864615252040800490114785892289085443353996994780867471613519785838571456421583171193004117989440790268346357550339888086725127883577297626499213827436573992927302238792576924232785487201297255386071968303782483063725899808484638503828356258403917311872694381464553651690062530023217591343084755215901475299149215296944362366910833233693767993138209275870024246238331218236715236772098417187703860172308522448043176333602759733161201262248323085329288986154559221427378507410978822244729512663572225567169779409767341543017289268332635077451210167869121334465680739797372711461919299938118178827541421792926883790285430909942441260511945849237909966329550263865701114884142266162969810073652710928504579470861508094054577797864301504899958634164700528220562786008864025709432444254044034243140203812074857537999016066465520986980790589347320243050635907363821521280600041827529325485247927904235727598574209554632363830932428250711518801775633739811523761994686263270550635099851254333875594601540900862014293625673738331693082328854327001487476635118830885173775268819526360165345900556160767713453617655450974424979076063906093300028416964847594027046669468486593636425428625241644836652173922586528474244952363302305311413449332339822336551611431469131900170488226836525916399723912626616140205707996727383529597479125488961419287261259757561701592645823541151922177253919651034344793680369057003813056557866311011476313189571556336518727757991908862890765494952019474922148851417079252352394293801701149485239005844358329748769279941586384640877265901749104933238853465429979253900561311562288241147192158137210120267399648622831610430287268739840335142120299516610846193164688075944526965248570070554452152547493450434852917987512185973647190461515413582582139040172118295702327537027389787793506904044938553587650503557155872873201596885061331145477101575699375441097493374115991199114962726801718038950907803041184400075585468560976965669584325627283327416418044590727844680051360774154288412712456353383625469068936430902068216750459819321744513362913853983154560610459692604508787700304184579153478291725762810632722108035826060904572460619204237580363147200158749075361633785243462298769917887808671453928846572417223504887766803869453474588831907597355292800709241471370696647029530700507083091412492771404776193459007315206233634226128137074504162520473449597415678882003845446774388950379192344594171245510231738995030348421937088083329709108176561010708693158020695060096428352046647333361163476664106311247065173802510599409266908984046663298613648854871230659903565772327667696057187057276814394932559371368029375974604116075641599919402266794230681485723361363592903676841480358328093127506801111571615062761556607158236612268544268330274725849294875852089790850962835235527978491475563744318483993474633300330972497012808415900969455190375849945750379465019166009861502794606130794726898507849610303884846035423392175449505876157130344700415823080225786693300512126831846009510203543174323783292176865976076275412421892808138872880175813109296020150746331979561488146333412674896256883784351178477592660577212734269328382384711746083782209939646612308343952169576581065423771981899573840430315930973215059901371218399762585055435459516340055149080565627330475362528926945020226163130902420795006258931367813005222140742964756194053782182452833097021554210929638693005460011927178302761563505715735405672652524175925436371863471836292012162456662093642074605500842449347289830619506077570528754845277680661218358066130291463288932240701043887535007851997159198390084654596996197138399723495863749806582439384615049184048485819193560667125968018574877819561104335238420873417743385185735663101292757409280586840011804854994149478736882949368786637202682607198707656286436753775709560349718397405565505269425218354301348910785234517795519757516484711545928466003754558485470994737493796615841040414239875763335201795518644856632201598556341934286668912522153446348791218159622744525372314219184738770596659942181275403613660438538829201810204850917717791485256026242529802492309229562177062770027659288158473994804255067730903420043491632913588644627415318468517462580180901314477358637486528221274450661883667873545037139535563260349778209992416559111602097437491432360787879331015052417047437823553506205617017572175387061751192919715660363028302343819584946594328460482931960515124867123604625653903565173322856758210937541222674223847046664733620292824834065137814475367747671882220098389682019784216724015491253360436437847479770633657905418133523010804559958547379685864708937791659340223795537045273849435441105983887969741143051069401271065628507537039823308867819868298171415185218271493613110963984021912448323423901392553811725954153209435002954807640291982765741514042956666953177304003358701503703497424897898108939453026976878231557938158928996868766367603579055322794822757659104812835219745724022347569914650240636730492833286151875049129873457930874999488048681250802904606446223569562767964898914869924201946458521355165709887118378290437174375625282606140534611987395334677500936625746765638459629521872262777473480491233965194281353725068660782076683862565487279038020486778099991754380815789820825255566234983933217491493864966284116889874665005414748264599972752003370084542592544301190399041231752771993767799847551279448012913842034323154888137932524887172099381195722163148101670274877379161830968937348720168944903299658932511996504109653674618914861599481632040891930577238630396311858213341337110096389113836596895914715370925073998461682046426447290788976525593505136546978364603183820619560578517561504972661817649030304982138534738696212234626114043035600967042547012317360449724623287452575151198771801585742829389025650825988275495110865424704218337264023078045681651420517807418196096401513461760794362769612228126118610912766814880500950963889032877710837651051900076128058473969258768737937306664751387942217354694021157675557568970168734104342446525522568974329716152742558110503495045718931752447070410307760830365536714180388723602948872805590752711115590794756926903978519601939790311768070356801944936106850640568519290645048685535628256787225734544146565541187816717729850612874044620890718502108518025052924590359814117522720320552642597751984410742492179242039080014606225999422109717176118746845802673724801365603866909971071347255859723217027554055085082090418987534829222004178998475030519537179062001509333023023881806519182405550818672164711702307529922652228033820404113386625335815042934115143980939986416365633923620673874259342713444701242702722227197573203194489407856355511639619115985907995399083680129468810771595938084908111251938016414866250141095286680914828503123938960997659175977315432797173945762560365023587931559926170852315074247849814256564693008105061976397395591733545472917526739598790117477449217745771908169489543790314578152667389689410604588351445026130645637237687631129964576699475767340673583537218704935177320214779403972566532581731659202199752942824432778102107532160580104432121067208273876100778332426569624765621063126975491546224343978061253999313893915782008560011171319773443130412998215626985098895722778159524505640435534979855872234521991778419564106622122049039017886737997905270552302412002780864726282517525092332555378737792434915926182736151242592242725872699844014132567954640475742451126102857394193479716383187138370722782422619384021010896271281685732287764210298708895557148397743497418109849633633910397778254225179400022143485886207532122646613614487518735142494469575836744785028013193033901949738716163113800864093408529297729741462836142201120573027427309566658849884965134295188287937016147499504685185116851709758146686994243673140036992381232483920618628663037402351333907771907455224248515748726136075048020960976567862025232356273025557054386729189255571672396871991669651834736987440295942395220863481341484029838939485593327256627318194137735451891544384960966451285561476772564932516923822003229733483331726306200059192067441136913243720403578098676440894672367334549903905283682411422011886949265324531399323764100563996744273693606586851243936737155349696358970470706246743064681511525580772367129358691546677179280674603197443660235664811911175324239792271603213932690900431433572511935591785787438931910836722219749594385217682817205537433987939372420698422586002026702204502341484432231418159837133223467338185995720215212999066855318593765188122815644349842897804044474253173187198249880219056124756835053121936684091113613451740380400041281474527453687530122741226292549431008458868082627169312891414237466973215688306962596297824286828479758198382340345222708757345393897126910174835179971320922911746435455023926629385455742630840473245989374307836875864087914312319228307304975362481708579849870550314357368660453504099679685389802578477910419231052505144696885248726344365369453921372194715998156624454330562798282777349584666757018969900985110164491047993602922961645132995224271404908186948080818144765441476070834943179921347693205775493727581146799477819807044909830887802418354528095576268178221596410712216509995196961932368766959924336939018675830477951348564967496643006978548120861013029026482640402316621018258604172734501970838570222765188590393123627245232006535983907604127898007628220791246163222713051906678029644273228763460060289213316094057396003523608149487855784819923604033709243920895785100953666245538047118419834068589948934026518132741951749125192568729824877982938351710224389886834755562218214866075518628420508441240855088408499405226548535776678864444680504301285988469915501692621173049550268365498340637943341584797390666973271817567111123445212701138287733170703648843560692535012857745637166012927846194135756491508269323010063559087991831480179606664893606864875569154700860602703909640090514609360513037280984989976472934205971076104365706670369636731086616773064361333184164332104073479210775688703754193241101764488071673304176268034528127946729244452919161882095335945667158450941476301537032588109254921620602423998383939639570864268315557737923542830477169053850721939927266830567227442913752680237178175908437269780708099690192695002592421020485193953805155158663266418230452129371046840218806665165231438597498081621420148051355131865453014871298249938624272154345372391802215126115854861975398983110888196358875565793593310597895992053240439684590862193232015232257668969509415398393721308747247732944493053757577694362680328316055060353219685001207195191671426063364056179006218671604638684249067247572855764071631397824639188693789635247708232195940400450829593853651517642510129335911478337995658501766175785429966837417247838838645892319920041196390925354226074199412181950196251598137076467085022479201649174056794994024967593003129957099742026595785390010668925864718839026058417582396497109522944729874183273952292247592156943695682037477731049514128818431210317476600507328613045698141876738705835589680568812062901672389707603039549708273418484069037215179862266581929555420755695654139976814235027490594662592770986044588793675562143709648705744665319814772892177290937799834952769995145061157204394128687121538756842568036622321369508041915737469009917048039885947260486258684449762362318724085339500204989295963618739437408918888568903691128987832325892601331155260901131911962536529384643993465666490271108522834470184768391573623895239732781158399355178022076177450755929138381468526577309152290502509145241134006895661073761320484545645543610238773087594308408699782711315425513472058939339453013548135244176754131385012770024156261936169649709944156933541666590935759784775946468953923516229723673403650805886186209888123677098892944769654360324668874429740130365009770291603536426502844618046128137324006034947889707723262364927515545013731797277615272236008596598736693841467685030166103516988390995570659331713219574003251046303604196295276316972893990945091279545361627593486818455830168634280653205028729105026906643726170661778439311154737149759096116144493812106746037251452616271615212935043141124155849847574091878458410177325030553207237661933970254488335435069113577757765584551136714634629223114497809546405079026755854160954260557783406467356189398503160303046687522579708387993298769182986822970667356246647939653365454544268386404322650296028881298557242198187208040207296077496128886166773288838620609977925416822156713703667391333322086520871904473048593017466793578173830832406459585018177267447690376523178740142636502172093102619263046542112708094769682392207383797482057034793196525139221370199877543931178601238198924707047629587501516299912892933069025343575488251454948469328322898202956506903308470482517744131166464774750723477861518055343466858040987132273453081836794564364430155246274158100731069323080734901590517008753654169600998911569598454702926629374049393677685285723039754691181021469267219333846563053673846537824970049506209403506606244584412627902384242785280551599253188262786271531989567165398385428909311577122438618119724985644233907558812574859217687149721341833317289714977694982117227337669878361212788465289349470676995146785835955074121568375032937822352378665103266923449887690619794116574936418347914823983988002067649967289214983486424468737742286438563064425223461210639952418146166111391586408089740413945879849036682695488197808766021959964846771145698159367567904768112047055740602351237499012258567357965107013251562237843754994747236883821060645969480067316032381351192535148322216761442411144695361182838761115795911310362420741510826322048374540404146990479647073113428368300158247350712922331119789013179701651764033036649606749518628656836032556353205617386602749327417799524243899880581322620681297935615821202736455540414428705857131835238951742471239050758919353490570268302812810704750603181709274434806504843422134152201579626776393642698168851485545206897802036257496043584180735523092410264794436423951474855853980259367017205588767985309971043290404884467541701918912275745752402121744890326681160647837985004639864193645792082105266057503921195311457592621400830660301768120178560328650220171413811642155986702637531155554821958388905393544592180587272433749899242041542816666821846374863337522729077994208960545264863862516411718049112903451378140021506899966762080732651380427792460930762263446994159193223142565029996403134383564087766689537759857473403120477091886596355579944643688205981242040477802943803932459722207541739589596692034052161680837588921636048584789929663903107349945667027830610483130862872680661015300745521669893857383782690975026078691245077096697355744971063878379083608563324774011426604588797712843335089341752120843133549155805945217503766728136818989701075795034975931147113851177529084708382646930943663837851488798723688771534770333456570254004964039987760745951276145936694695508877796318400093229973736770518512573233230127134210937068680950264362225510872877141635601716276267040168996816287213326422268377855327887822310204539762272583014902609710931194995685950834598509258803363019551891846212990914920155838298607568190737375958573348261713794703592503972126314316192159571451081744034114847904386601284244643362857392442316767411036417557776991886719910511456902002905771699177497748359489810115650557253501242519595931483440417116222205504589671636754478042893488385500275211497526246421122010774862333476246182576597178403980436617669560567049936789350370893174617560282074679058110806280348893136768773133234721178541038289213080580369302853910384704528018344058313252744129928355732704028220901951560054449764635932065083760864473989692709381120504251266930834839999956860216356148940167442564078469350152730245749435722205009403680810321136898946443062041659878360406811331217133504960504944165472883926378607868385731515366373416312566122603235977742473940324793478740770352725436532455308438250865693864330020957120719122826689237609273524467576647981797622831709248187143189474449928329051087066866263901462754600186683583622062445553828867143621415773638244852570664653423002003386087185683387095282564231892337305827467825102905239214464117590700082862874915647212962223100149842773910585262712095702633425139069275541249925826898755913048489059083665047386569005980726512682643809800080768716889749767005747228285165430935469423701296901225200041775975278099341399149455675655415791289014141807180970818010668626000334746783492116354330741766556197865412944331579610856733907210970815247694360208231077377319255935591919361509992241851869762511821971598449396422923222586939583205849537600173388242916813257003198490942805178528782842560021549233235032941872842601109623432061485547579038802849228139397130979180562447703494299530585909415031237400213445431607049538809117870571045686211621069655023028886617060314580222884344906879404890744067164557565160596397488164744575409400891911083945126233990453364772541741331330821153758983077390402549739751620825837898384996200874749622331436354553599710472896396262914675542281735624665804212007275401273982269651802596130334329792865330063654175676003369688243926391280713123038760076039957285658333390838592534249337153070457471482743551037417147024006867419141874398230449202772009682282474640802779068104741602882613440803256607530230172031981070796893051954145239327661783905828943932146148894821695918579498502263858318704473290299790473193753803543920285706350672484245008920689712995308213747335255792982565803469779504974053329506220584586976782376547358092670753891736652401577525890202354883227480678961328466821865972869785592672826822656457577958670571097728396605101516387163615321918203652729897586807786443044896628670393188486921931839182927172554503767733076856308657600665342622254535057629030862718937364327448083558928220102374951534665262857504222950995446014428801859061443379679142717413278286975998259993819084477469775220567898395378570154609157695006128689610825519373486612568225010585752375050450503641627804406676905130564807191014132285063482665726828511933059433717373899623654715534816591630086838520905491060194596758223701911513581142071521220673521948777069521608531717477580542554138038978873716058241771904252401056370661792996395808706717083872950238057238547610495061732689587948240319569499000594593719849004104550034415014066154526994609094441391439071866309009249691812468813088126242358787204856089608234037677437509496768451058059579977189006605354903359961784245121096144877063187466910292356627771165203522647016166296488083808997887687769308220856530068153940856748041349469491870704992660210066455819832886130678021460369893174499939107231230405088342485383796742208847060385334943928147519685791292174441917386398739155908915859310750449419969425856920503891277550092560029225566028245733054164370482965351532695757311986033153861767127072322962670122480612322195488891848040149357757131302308897501348573600357134307046628157178720021578705983302856401851403674168523579202306440644159448586566246905477964086572462611834063213025126230896949713642334585419351128373132157232101577687884147986752364441711298472354763142715850293434746434127230225735792097083439910498394019789979870351837786010778667226102241684498686398874227580631272581474396676719404444290071284914286251867085092358453277091441099575357659812178523756848934429670368686181229928033433456696493460770903592231804072849827640955873854491455416480621098619090449331761288966135325413062313991971462332768487224184119088841054819270878948939590681778579588918587881426099241767753862382406002451821149035160124492893940578494055432173589779503867792448614769448734671863583817296627073341404027631029821562303142157743379294616649374361560459036060298581224576085252700570061877609582745974967405315882162695982851143006320897730473133461172142945805407178876223011462558510520930761771493278603541262719880522826864107055049364370555816945830840650960447321868266858216903784868032280479864021706315653687489290467679015864709379478762373013822026373788822827564163725872670921602434077279298565679825234946428376162918717556993454693724759744644374586123577768842647346924365909558553162571564807969034052671504760754742676960038255814034354716520834598864538432593908154392918939089896109083521992519053530398359081516289247571043354786424954980741388745386023113329591390636006694539437438690759589121288758007804082911975207095278133335550232776761783391381794105109412999680430103899475051243232331431120663598726618610084717254696908726637456858466646162093223427680684601718516702427671125913080059583053658180035991214447685286534985397013876080817020918472863351368783745251292936294373137797794168163130983688833624592488270042533275310174037401858155192663147588032450316349828944090941459435709839331454077937638533884824056964583661906580362312059760037127664830995125859310214290237306052000883415749724405028863402500028747055233688541068593389039662379913776485715772093749681055718277781429659244251666703110135820625316518906936462663613376783677001574909561444962828205690820330013121289873007855206280915035880334071746233511142838096550651818271177825964147342275885803162473648253508879276299074813242692461714169521068548818275361612786955216412383263246164034602771053052217127416909831714425842754359325193708367920524870186212708574531518197079797624156322369627530303625010057401503185241771381716916959066550480494267473696656051819527729740440782487416353087074803447126307550453018768734511631260002571765708294113447159058326859464022975489061868569715529325333679192904509181338989039531226114077604146341395120253199068720690450654317360799352434791082039695478061926453254644053124586362026016156957888326419910345519741792140396061817459467332211367113051675844970722080638249309285348257747082754939860608508486386549912912220391895379332321814344998458680557267915553525212113907723389037979427485209309504641599639196053296030292739274663906234190084882219800040754390250718430168480866157009022053158273857417267902310193566064243660834080202786392263652453395504706244108957791049298908397097715806857036527872932846771952274875201321856644284239116502005786314083266606564469023548865452436995428173054383481532525156311603438941440612599662264959878769003712412406305072713049361060777519351766684350979095112470377728527045181653556285621656761979382960837252084759203181114384404005114613990326273362146150667851880079327563486444803726963278475818453468509565365380723807736793526242145533088833679727074192838872685484977387306670007551965761431583941102042492623133242770270821710047137152167948872468741189259805623910487138975034203376673344989060052111727844670530521327425332189734978888307943626099125569741350839434061750712876445222039557455150019442996232739317091487905148812821582894579949748623433452865460274945133477267345362799684706610937707688048379567860499887327287273158785195505216946986571759372875984514994087366735699690322212619073372131984972873714823922056361158276719293687517950957314775347729780073870450969204201405641649670458849057466793682155521901095027966023590200629563426621697556166261956721403439803621918243177242110484823901622121433246394511832190737036276362556947535372619436126996645342229589006736952014870393865015087074414735220220770411070088328030731545041085721762448600324574529642445801550887535581445128918173686346116567111050151109714760544361537920207546115073529167935359803746233158035402507293585422134950239655004818456256327794930441926282941363007224150758144477688955569616025741423859274415740477217643474948663183182648210083785749080222199122144694117400270856159095104885845967392332602301843740328702808569782311182460392642129024729192535226787567897868564600570545108945374190649371558894253329703486982693386634574807801078719254129784907155276683405362407228975018016417486695226639468897799829747034414846605232977531914266638473906810541671168066131262918834764800639654762345192540580400257727950859061817326000188356677576249635084512266410557551645134470262083485480776173701923626406384831371842087477223094467978661221649689842322789248762605167898686475739012260361067924661728390016267344059903224026536343550301552983264519865881303942586617734987280231892544278016113318354276103258002393942607858756949485119300715853929843163967575531352484221274814864027297307155457109423432471856970523635672286551516265672389248080659279448953078708153606666741314598260798811278754656313007785743484189610809499119436037561075326359414143476882494692530787790693275290895909945065272071979419682741840819830567497688086236460819345623637702467815073133466197923119939117195979352833117496820500577299938566476984260815518940866776320855483159836188850448339911351505132909703990088919063133375804094886955895465912648104534621430295733375992898959329664444686900648674531661878821297194146191914132978673375283702995190706179924178140249356285006536273771636355569720003246996130665282451695167273161831393867558791278264933758040011059211372270839123518459709107480669852696080909181872978501574064544548264471078633386599113188810137746318984496745989011540334259315347740082110734818471521253374507271538131048296612979081477663269791394570357390537422769779633811568396223208402597025155304734389883109376"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2**100000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "13"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3*4+1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "13"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(3*4)+1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3*(4+1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "9%5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "4*9%5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(4*9)%5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Compound Datatypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## List"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'drei']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [1, 2.0, 'drei']\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l.append(4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l.extend([5, 6])\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l += [7, 8]\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, 100, 200]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1 = [100, 200]\n",
    "l2 = l + l1\n",
    "l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[100, 200]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2.0\n",
      "drei\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in l:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "8 in l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "666 in l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Mutability"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l1 = [1,2,3,4]\n",
    "l2 = l1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1.append(5)\n",
    "l1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Removing Elements"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l = [1, 2, 3, 4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 119,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del l[2]\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tuple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = (1, 2, 3, 4)\n",
    "for element in t:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5 in t"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'AttributeError'> 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    t.append(5)\n",
    "except Exception as e:\n",
    "    print(type(e), e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "translation_table = {\n",
    "    'one': 1,\n",
    "    'two': 2,\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "translation = translation_table['one']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 90,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "translation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 92,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'one' in translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'three' in translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "translation_table['three'] = 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'three' in translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'KeyError'> 'four'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    translation_table['four']\n",
    "except Exception as e:\n",
    "    print(type(e), e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "translation_table['three'] = 3.0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3.0}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 103,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "multi_dict = {\n",
    "    'one': [1],\n",
    "    'two': [2],\n",
    "}\n",
    "multi_dict['one'].append(1.0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'one': [1, 1.0], 'two': [2]}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multi_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3.0}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 110,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "one\n",
      "two\n",
      "three\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "one\n",
      "two\n",
      "three\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.keys():\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.values():\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "('one', 1)\n",
      "('two', 2)\n",
      "('three', 3.0)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = 1, 2\n",
    "print(a, b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "('one', 1)\n",
      "('two', 2)\n",
      "('three', 3.0)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "key: one value: 1\n",
      "key: two value: 2\n",
      "key: three value: 3.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    key = element[0]\n",
    "    value = element[1]\n",
    "    print('key:', key, 'value:', value)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "key: one value: 3.0\n",
      "key: two value: 3.0\n",
      "key: three value: 3.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for key, element in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    print('key:', key, 'value:', value)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3.0}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 120,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del translation_table['two']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'one': 1, 'three': 3.0}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "translation_table"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Set"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s = {1, 2, 3}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 124,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3 in s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s.add(4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in s:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 127,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s.add(1000)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 128,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "1000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in s:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 3, 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 129,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.remove(1000)\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 130,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s1 = {1,2, 3, 4}\n",
    "s2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 131,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set' and 'set'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m/tmp/ipykernel_189565/1743780635.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ms1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set' and 'set'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 + s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 132,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 | s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 133,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{3, 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 133,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 & s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 134,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 5, 6}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 134,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 ^ s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# References, (Im)mutability"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 135,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
    "l2 = l1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 136,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140115753096128"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 136,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(l1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 137,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140115753096128"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 137,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(l2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 138,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 138,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(l1) == id(l2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 139,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 139,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1 is l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 140,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 142,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 142,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1 == l3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 143,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 143,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1 is l3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l1.append(6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 145,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 146,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 146,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Copying to be safe?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 147,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 148,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l2 = l1[:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 150,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 150,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1 is l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 151,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 151,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1.append(6)\n",
    "l1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 152,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 152,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Nested Lists?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 153,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l1 = [1, 2, ['drei', 'vier'], 5, 6]\n",
    "l2 = l1[:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 154,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 154,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1 is not l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 155,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 155,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1[2] is l2[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 156,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l1[2].append('five')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 157,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, ['drei', 'vier', 'five'], 5, 6]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 157,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 158,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, ['drei', 'vier', 'five'], 5, 6]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 158,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# ``while`` loops, and ``else``"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hooray\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import random\n",
    "\n",
    "ntries = 0\n",
    "win = False\n",
    "while ntries <= 6:\n",
    "    ntries += 1\n",
    "    eyes = random.randrange(1,7)\n",
    "    if eyes == 6:\n",
    "        win = True\n",
    "        break\n",
    "if win:\n",
    "    print('hooray')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('lose')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "lose\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import random\n",
    "\n",
    "ntries = 1\n",
    "while ntries <= 6:\n",
    "    ntries += 1\n",
    "    eyes = random.randrange(1,7)\n",
    "    if eyes == 6:\n",
    "        print('hooray')\n",
    "        break\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('lose')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# ``for`` loops (and ``else``)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hooray\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import random\n",
    "\n",
    "for _ in range(6):\n",
    "    eyes = random.randrange(1,7)\n",
    "    if eyes == 6:\n",
    "        print('hooray')\n",
    "        break\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('lose')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Iteration"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "one\n",
      "1.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [1, 'one', 1.0]\n",
    "for element in l:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "translation_table = {\n",
    "    'one': 1,\n",
    "    'two': 2,\n",
    "    'zwei': 2,\n",
    "    # ...\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "one\n",
      "two\n",
      "zwei\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "one\n",
      "two\n",
      "zwei\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.keys():\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.values():\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "('one', 1)\n",
      "('two', 2)\n",
      "('zwei', 2)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Key: one, Value: 1\n",
      "Key: two, Value: 2\n",
      "Key: zwei, Value: 2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    k = element[0]\n",
    "    v = element[1]\n",
    "    print(f'Key: {k}, Value: {v}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Key: one, Value: 1\n",
      "Key: two, Value: 2\n",
      "Key: zwei, Value: 2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    k, v = element\n",
    "    print(f'Key: {k}, Value: {v}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Key: one, Value: 1\n",
      "Key: two, Value: 2\n",
      "Key: zwei, Value: 2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for k, v in translation_table.items():\n",
    "    print(f'Key: {k}, Value: {v}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = {1, 2, 3, 4}\n",
    "4 in s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in s:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The ``range()`` Function, Iterator Protocol"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in range(0,6):\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r = range(6)\n",
    "type(r)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "it = iter(r)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range_iterator"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    next(it)\n",
    "except StopIteration: pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# ``yield``"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def even(start, end):\n",
    "    print('even: entered')\n",
    "    run = start\n",
    "    while run < end:\n",
    "        if run % 2 == 0:\n",
    "            print('even: yielding')\n",
    "            yield run\n",
    "            print('even: continuing after yield')\n",
    "        run += 1\n",
    "    print('even: terminating')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n",
      "4\n",
      "6\n",
      "8\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in even(2, 10):\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "generator"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "e = even(2, 10)\n",
    "type(e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "it = iter(e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "even: entered\n",
      "even: yielding\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "even: continuing after yield\n",
      "even: yielding\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "even: continuing after yield\n",
      "even: yielding\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "even: continuing after yield\n",
      "even: yielding\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "even: continuing after yield\n",
      "even: terminating\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    next(it)\n",
    "except StopIteration: pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Encoding, and String"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "joerg = 'Jörg'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(joerg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(joerg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ö'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 90,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "joerg[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'UnicodeEncodeError'> 'ascii' codec can't encode character '\\xf6' in position 1: ordinal not in range(128)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    bytes_joerg = joerg.encode('ascii')\n",
    "except Exception as e:\n",
    "    print(type(e), e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1 = joerg.encode('iso-8859-1')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bytes"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'J\\xf6rg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_utf_32 = joerg.encode('utf-32')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "20"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 116,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(bytes_joerg_utf_32)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'\\xff\\xfe\\x00\\x00J\\x00\\x00\\x00\\xf6\\x00\\x00\\x00r\\x00\\x00\\x00g\\x00\\x00\\x00'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 120,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_utf_32"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'\\xff\\xfeJ\\x00\\xf6\\x00r\\x00g\\x00'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 121,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_utf_16 = joerg.encode('utf-16')\n",
    "bytes_joerg_utf_16"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_utf_8 = joerg.encode('utf-8')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(bytes_joerg_utf_8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'J\\xc3\\xb6rg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 119,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_utf_8"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Send iso_latin_1 to a Russian"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Jörg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 108,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "joerg"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'J\\xf6rg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 109,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "bytes_received_by_russian = bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'J\\xf6rg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 112,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bytes_received_by_russian"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Jіrg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bytes_received_by_russian.decode('iso-8859-5')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Regular Expression"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "line = '2435   ;     Jörg    ;    Faschingbauer'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fields = line.split(';')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['2435   ', '     Jörg    ', '    Faschingbauer']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 126,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fields"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 128,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2435"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 128,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "number = int(fields[0].strip())\n",
    "number"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 130,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Jörg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 130,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "firstname = fields[1].strip()\n",
    "firstname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 131,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Faschingbauer'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 131,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lastname = fields[2].strip()\n",
    "lastname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import re"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 137,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "regex_str = r'^\\s*(\\d+)\\s*;\\s*(\\S+)\\s*;\\s*(\\S+)\\s*$'\n",
    "line = '2435   ;     Jörg    ;    Faschingbauer'\n",
    "m = re.match(regex_str, line)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 138,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<re.Match object; span=(0, 39), match='2435   ;     Jörg    ;    Faschingbauer'>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 138,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "m"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 139,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'2435'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 139,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "m.group(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 140,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Jörg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 140,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "m.group(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 141,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Faschingbauer'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 141,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "m.group(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# f-Strings (since Python 3.6 !!)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 142,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "joerg = 666\n",
    "caro = 'Caro'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 143,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Something blah blah 666 another thing blah Caro'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 143,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "formatted = f'Something blah blah {joerg} another thing blah {caro}'\n",
    "formatted"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Something blah blah 0000000666 another thing blah Caro'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 144,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "formatted = f'Something blah blah {joerg:010d} another thing blah {caro}'\n",
    "formatted"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Miscellaneous String Methods"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 145,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'Mississippi'\n",
    "s.count('ss')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 146,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 146,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.isupper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 147,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 147,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.islower()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 148,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'mississippi'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 148,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.lower()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 149,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Mississippi'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 149,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 150,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'MISSISSIPPI'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 150,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.upper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 152,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 152,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "start = s.find('ss')\n",
    "start"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 153,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 153,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "end = s.find('ss', start+1)\n",
    "end"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 154,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ssi'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 154,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[start:end]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 155,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 155,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.find('xxx')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 156,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 156,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.index('ss')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 159,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'ValueError'> substring not found\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    s.index('xxx')\n",
    "except Exception as e:\n",
    "    print(type(e), e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "``strip()``"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 187,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'abc'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 187,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line = 'abc     \\t'\n",
    "line.rstrip()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 190,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "line = 'abc\\n'\n",
    "line = line.rstrip('\\n')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 191,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'abc'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 191,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 192,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 192,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(line)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 161,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 161,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filename = 'garbage-data.csv'\n",
    "filename.endswith('.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 162,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 162,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'666'.isidentifier()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 163,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 163,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'abc'.isidentifier()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 164,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 164,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'_'.isidentifier()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 165,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 165,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'int'.isidentifier()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 167,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "type"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 167,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 168,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 168,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int = 666\n",
    "type(int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 170,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "666"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 170,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 171,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'TypeError'> 'int' object is not callable\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    int('666')\n",
    "except Exception as e:\n",
    "    print(type(e), e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 172,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 172,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(666)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 173,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "666"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 173,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int = type(666)\n",
    "int('666')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**WTF??**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 180,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 180,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'if'.isidentifier()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 183,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object has no attribute 'iskeyword'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m/tmp/ipykernel_4000/3227798639.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;34m'if'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0miskeyword\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object has no attribute 'iskeyword'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'if'.iskeyword()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 175,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'2435   ;     Jörg    ;    Faschingbauer'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 175,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 176,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['2435   ', '     Jörg    ', '    Faschingbauer']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 176,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line.split(';')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 177,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['2435   ', '     Jörg    ;    Faschingbauer']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 177,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line.split(';', 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 179,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'aaa|bbb|ccc'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 179,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = ['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc']\n",
    "'|'.join(l)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 202,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "line = '        \\n'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 204,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "''"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 204,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line.strip()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# File I/O"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Question: do binary files also iterate line by line?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 185,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f = open('/etc/passwd', 'br')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 186,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "b'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'\n",
      "b'bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync\\n'\n",
      "b'shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown\\n'\n",
      "b'halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt\\n'\n",
      "b'mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'systemd-oom:x:998:996:systemd Userspace OOM Killer:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'systemd-timesync:x:997:995:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'tss:x:59:59:Account used for TPM access:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'polkitd:x:996:994:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'unbound:x:995:992:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'dnsmasq:x:994:991:Dnsmasq DHCP and DNS server:/var/lib/dnsmasq:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'nm-openconnect:x:993:989:NetworkManager user for OpenConnect:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'gluster:x:992:988:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'pipewire:x:991:987:PipeWire System Daemon:/var/run/pipewire:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'geoclue:x:990:986:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'chrony:x:989:984::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'saslauth:x:988:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'openvpn:x:987:982:OpenVPN:/etc/openvpn:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'nm-openvpn:x:986:981:Default user for running openvpn spawned by NetworkManager:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'colord:x:985:980:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'flatpak:x:984:979:User for flatpak system helper:/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'gnome-initial-setup:x:983:978::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'vboxadd:x:982:1::/var/run/vboxadd:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'jfasch:x:1000:1000:Joerg Faschingbauer:/home/jfasch:/bin/bash\\n'\n",
      "b'mosquitto:x:981:974:Mosquitto Broker:/etc/mosquitto:/sbin/nologin\\n'\n",
      "b'someone-else:x:1001:1001::/home/someone-else:/bin/bash\\n'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for line in f:\n",
    "    print(line)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Tuples Containing Only One Element"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 205,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 205,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = (1, 2, 3)\n",
    "type(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 206,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 2, 3)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 206,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 207,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 207,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = (666)\n",
    "type(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 208,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "666"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 208,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 209,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "condition = True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 214,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "ahja\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if (condition):\n",
    "    print('ahja')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 211,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 211,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = ()\n",
    "type(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 212,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 212,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 213,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 213,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = (1,2,3)\n",
    "bool(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 215,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 215,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = (666,)\n",
    "type(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Iterables, Lists, and the ``itertools`` Modules"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 219,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "values = [\n",
    "    24000,\n",
    "    24500,\n",
    "    25000,\n",
    "    25500,\n",
    "    26000,\n",
    "    26500,\n",
    "]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 221,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "24000\n",
      "24500\n",
      "25000\n",
      "25500\n",
      "26000\n",
      "26500\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in values:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 222,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list_iterator"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 222,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "it = iter(values)\n",
    "type(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 223,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "24000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 223,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 224,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "24500"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 224,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 225,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 225,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 226,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25500"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 226,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 227,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "26000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 227,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 228,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "26500"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 228,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(it)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 230,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'StopIteration'> \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    next(it)\n",
    "except Exception as e:\n",
    "    print(type(e), e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## ``itertools.chain()``"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 232,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[24000, 24500, 25000, 25500, 26000, 26500]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 232,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 233,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import itertools"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 234,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "24000\n",
      "24500\n",
      "25000\n",
      "25500\n",
      "26000\n",
      "26500\n",
      "24000\n",
      "24500\n",
      "25000\n",
      "25500\n",
      "26000\n",
      "26500\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in itertools.chain(values, values):\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Destructor?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 235,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Whatever:\n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        print('init')\n",
    "    def __del__(self):\n",
    "        print('del')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 236,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "init\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "whe = Whatever()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 237,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "del\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del whe"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Tuple Unpacking on Dictionaries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 238,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "d = {\n",
    "    'ID': '5',\n",
    "    'Firstname': 'Joerg',\n",
    "    'Lastname': 'Faschingbauer',\n",
    "    'Birth': '19.6.1966',\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 240,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "id, firstname, lastname, birth = d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 241,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('ID', 'Firstname', 'Lastname', 'Birth')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 241,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id, firstname, lastname, birth"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 242,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "ID\n",
      "Firstname\n",
      "Lastname\n",
      "Birth\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for k in d:\n",
    "    print(k)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 243,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "id, firstname, lastname, birth = d.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 244,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('5', 'Joerg', 'Faschingbauer', '19.6.1966')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 244,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id, firstname, lastname, birth"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# ``subprocess``"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 249,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import subprocess"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 250,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "total 144\n",
      "drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch    148 May  5 15:37 .\n",
      "drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch    816 Apr 28 11:20 ..\n",
      "-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch  13397 May  5 11:21 index.rst\n",
      "-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch   6716 Apr 28 11:13 index.rst.~1~\n",
      "drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch     50 May  2 08:40 .ipynb_checkpoints\n",
      "-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 116985 May  5 15:37 notebook.ipynb\n",
      "-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch    112 Apr 28 11:18 notebook-wrapper.rst\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '-a'], returncode=0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 250,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "subprocess.run(['ls', '-l', '-a'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 261,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "completed = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l', '-a'], capture_output=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 253,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 253,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "completed.returncode"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 262,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'total 148\\ndrwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch    148 May  5 15:47 .\\ndrwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch    816 Apr 28 11:20 ..\\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch  13397 May  5 11:21 index.rst\\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch   6716 Apr 28 11:13 index.rst.~1~\\ndrwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch     50 May  2 08:40 .ipynb_checkpoints\\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 120725 May  5 15:47 notebook.ipynb\\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch    112 Apr 28 11:18 notebook-wrapper.rst\\n'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 262,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "completed.stdout"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 263,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b''"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 263,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "completed.stderr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 256,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[b'total 144',\n",
       " b'drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch    148 May  5 15:38 .',\n",
       " b'drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch    816 Apr 28 11:20 ..',\n",
       " b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch  13397 May  5 11:21 index.rst',\n",
       " b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch   6716 Apr 28 11:13 index.rst.~1~',\n",
       " b'drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch     50 May  2 08:40 .ipynb_checkpoints',\n",
       " b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 118110 May  5 15:38 notebook.ipynb',\n",
       " b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch    112 Apr 28 11:18 notebook-wrapper.rst',\n",
       " b'']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 256,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "completed.stdout.split(b'\\n')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 257,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "CompletedProcess(args=['wc', '-l'], returncode=0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 257,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "subprocess.run(['wc', '-l'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 264,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 266,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 267,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "y = [i**2 for i in x]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 268,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe3a392aa30>]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 268,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plt.plot(x, y)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.9.12"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 4
}